Hebrews explicitly recalls Sinai’s fire, darkness, tempest, trumpet, and terrifying voice, then contrasts that mountain with heavenly Zion and climaxes with “Jesus the mediator of the new covenant.” The Sinai theophany is therefore part of an inspired Christological contrast, not merely reused atmosphere.

In Exodus the people stand afar off while Moses draws near as mediator. Hebrews recalls Sinai’s fearful distance, contrasts it with heavenly Zion, and names Jesus “the mediator of the new covenant.” This is the strongest inspired New Testament development of Exodus’s mediation scene and explicitly mirrors it in Christ.

Both passages contrast Sinai with a heavenly Jerusalem/Zion reality associated with the covenant people’s present access and future hope. Contextual evidence: compare Galatians 4:21–31 and Hebrews 12:18–24 in their own settings. The shared theological or covenantal issue is meaningful, but this evidence class does not claim a direct quotation or certain literary dependence.