Revelation 11:8 explicitly calls the great city “spiritually” Sodom, reusing Genesis 19’s city as a symbolic moral and judgment category. The text itself signals symbolism, so the connection characterizes the later city rather than identifying it geographically with ancient Sodom.

The witnesses’ power to shut heaven so that no rain falls strongly evokes Elijah’s drought ministry, especially when read with the New Testament’s explicit identification of Elijah’s prayer with the drought.

Revelation explicitly calls the two witnesses two olive trees and two lampstands, directly reusing Zechariah 4.

The abyssal beast's war against the witnesses participates in Daniel 7's beastly war against the saints.

After God’s breath enters the dead, they live and stand upon their feet as a vast host. Revelation 11:11 reuses the striking sequence when the breath/spirit of life from God enters the slain witnesses and they stand on their feet.